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![]() DOGS
Please circulate this Code as widely as possible within your club and consult at every level. It is important to note that the Code is an initiative of the Bureau of Animal Welfare (DPI) on behalf of the government. The Code was not developed by DOGS It essentially sets out minimum standards for breeders to prevent heritable diseases in progeny caused by inappropriate selection and mating of animals. Many clubs such as yours already have breeding program guidelines in place that operate at a far higher level than this Code. Members of DOGS I urge you to distribute this information promptly, and look forward to any comments from your club that will assist me in compiling a response to the Bureau.At the request of DOGS Yours sincerely, Elizabeth White Chief Executive DOGS Locked Bag K9 Cranbourne T 9788 2510 F 9788 2599 DOGS This Consultation Draft has been prepared for the Government by the Bureau of Animal Welfare (DPI) and presented to DOGS All responses from affiliate clubs or individuals should be forwarded to the Chief Executive of DOGS
1. Preface 2. Purpose of the code 3. Background – grouping of heritable diseases 4. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Schedule amendments - process 5. Definitions 6. Legal responsibilities 7. Heritable Disease Groups 7.1 Heritable disease caused by a simple dominant defective gene 7.2 Heritable disease caused by a simple recessive defective gene resulting in severe disease 7.3 Heritable disease caused by simple recessive gene that may take years to develop symptoms of the disease 7.4 Heritable disease caused by simple recessive genes that are sex linked or show weak penetrance 7.5 Heritable disease caused by a simple recessive defective gene that is also dependant on over-riding or modifying genetic effects for full expression of disease. 7.6 Polygenic based heritable disease 7.7 Recognised heritable disease for which there are no tests or prediction 8. Approved organisations and breeding programs
1. Preface The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 came into force on It establishes fundamental obligations relating to the care of animals in general terms. Details of obligations are found in codes of practice that are made under the provisions of the Act. These set out minimum standards and recommendations relating to important aspects of the care of animals. They are developed following a process of consultation with stakeholders and the community. Codes reflect the views and values held by most Victorians with respect to the care of animals. This code was initiated by the Bureau of Animal Welfare and prepared in consultation with an advisory committee. This committee was comprised of persons who have knowledge and expertise in animal welfare, veterinary science, the commercial use and breeding of animals and the testing, diagnosis and control of heritable diseases in animals. 2. Purpose of the code This Code is made under the provisions of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986. The Code and its provisions are to be observed by owners, carers and custodians of animals used for breeding that are affected by heritable disease or that carry heritable genetic defects that could cause heritable disease in progeny caused by inappropriate selection and mating of animals with these defects. This Code of Practice reflects current knowledge and opinion and provides standards and recommendations for the breeding of animals with the heritable diseases prescribed in the Act. It also outlines principles for the consideration of persons breeding animals with heritable defects not listed in the Act. A person breeding animals in a program approved by the approved organisation for that species of animal is not considered to be breeding animals recklessly or intentionally as defined in Section 15C(1) of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986. 3. Background Heritable diseases are grouped by the severity of the condition they cause. This Code of Practice permits use of valuable breeding stock while restricting the numbers of animals being sold or offered to the general public that are at risk of developing severely debilitating or crippling heritable disease. The groupings provide a systematic outline by which simple autosomal inherited defects in animals may be categorized to enable the long term risks to be quantified and dealt with in a uniform manner, irrespective of the system or metabolic pathway that is affected in any particular breed or type or species of animal. Heritable conditions can be broken up into several broad groups: 3.1 Dominant diseases where the heterozygous and homozygous states for the defective gene have the disease. Includes dominant conditions with variable expression or penetrance, and some sex-linked conditions. 3.2 Simple recessive diseases that result in severe signs of disease in the homozygous condition. :Cats 3.3 Simple recessive diseases that may take years to develop signs of the disease Dogs: 3.4 Simple recessive diseases that are sex linked or show weak penetrance and limited expression of the disease resulting in only a few affected individuals. 3.5 Simple recessive diseases that are also dependant on over-riding or modifying genetic effects for full expression, before they pose a threat as a debilitating condition. This includes conditions where the vast majority of genetically affected individuals fail to exhibit the full range of clinical signs unless modifying factors are present – factors that directly influence the degree to which the disease is ultimately expressed Dogs: 3.6 Polygenic disease – where more than one gene is involved and environmental effects can add to the severity of the condition. 3.7 Recognised inherited diseases that produce significant potential health risks in small numbers of affected individuals, but where there is no advance warning mechanism offered through the early onset of signs or the availability of a reliable genetic test, able to predict the development of debilitating disease in later life. Dogs: Hereditary Cataract (where late onset is characteristic of the condition) 4 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Schedule amendments - process Recommendations to the Minister to amend Schedule 2 of the Act requires consultation with veterinary specialists, geneticists and breeders of the species as recommended by their respective professional bodies and associations of members. Diseases to be listed should - i. Be established, well-researched inherited diseases or defects known to be present in a local breed population (or likely to be imported from overseas) ii. Have sufficient researched information to allow the condition to be correctly diagnosed and categorized, and be able to be tested for cost-effectively. In making a recommendation to the Minister the following information must be provided - i. The severity of the end disease ii. The mode of inheritance (dominant, simple recessive etc) and allocated to a Heritable Disease Group for the purposes of this code. iii. The proportion of ‘affected’ : ‘carrier’ : ‘clear’ individuals within the breed. iv. The number of diseases being simultaneously tested/screened within a breed. v. Ease of access to a range of reliable and repeatable screening methods. vi. There should be a reliable test to diagnose the disease that is cost effective for an approved breeding program. Where the number of affected individuals is very low, few affected animals will be bred from nor are needed in the gene pool for the breed. As the percentage of affected and carriers increases, more time will be needed to manage the risk of producing affected individuals, so that other pressures present in any ‘closed’ population do not force the emergence of hitherto hidden diseases, as a result of disproportionate restrictions to the existing gene pool. The more diseases being tested for or screened, the slower the overall progress will be in a breeding program. Some individuals may be shown to be genetically clear for one or two conditions under test, yet be affected in a third, perhaps milder condition. Screening methods are usually DNA tests. Some conditions require additional screening as required by an approved organisation eg. CEA requires an ACES Panellist examination before eight weeks of age. 5 Definitions “Approved Organisation”: for any species is an organisation approved by reference in this Code of Practice in Section 8. Approved collection officers – breed association designated collection officers whereby samples are collected for DNA testing at shows or specific testing days or a veterinary practitioner. “Veterinary practitioner”: means a registered veterinary practitioner "Affected" refers to the homozygous affected state, where the animal in question is abnormal in both phenotype and genotype.
“Collie Eye Anomaly” - a complex of potentially blinding congenital eye defects, of which choroidal hypoplasia is the simplest and least threatening to vision, and the only one currently detectable on a DNA test "Carrier" refers to the heterozygous unaffected state, where the animal in question is normal in phenotype but abnormal in genotype for simple autosomal recessive conditions. With dominant autosomal conditions the carrier state is affected. “Unknown” refers to an animal of a breed or cross-breed that is known to be at risk from the condition and the animal has not been examined for it. There is reason to suspect the animal for the condition due to diagnoses in the progeny or parents. 5 Legal responsibilities The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 sets out offences for intentionally or recklessly breeding a species of animal with a heritable disease as listed in Schedule 2 of the Act. It is an offence for a person to sell or dispose of an animal with that heritable disease without giving advice to the new owner that the animal has the disease. 6 Heritable disease groups 6.1 Heritable disease caused by a simple dominant defective gene Carrier (is affected) = heterozygote ( ie. 1 clear gene and 1 defective gene), displays degrees of disease Affected= homozygous for heritable defect genes (ie 2 defective genes) displays severe form of disease Clear = homozygous for clear genes (ie. 2 clear genes) and is free of the disease : Cats Folded ears associated with osteochondrodystrophy Hereditary cataract (in those breeds where dominant inheritance has been scientifically established)
6.2 Heritable disease caused by a simple recessive defective gene resulting in severe disease Carrier = heterozygote (ie. 1 clear gene and 1 defective gene) and does not exhibit the disease Affected= homozygous for heritable defect genes (ie, 2 defective genes) and is affected by the disease Clear = homozygous for clear genes ( ie. 2 clear genes) and is free of the disease :Cats Von Willebrand’s disease Type III
**Testing is required as in practice the unpredictable nature of the process of gene inheritance in these combinations may cause variation in the actual % outcomes per generation. Carrier animals should be de-sexed if not to be used in a breeding program. Affected animals must be de-sexed if not to be used in a breeding program. 6.3 Heritable disease caused by simple recessive gene that may take years to develop symptoms of the disease Dogs: Hereditary Cataract (in breeds where a simple recessive mode has been scientifically established).
**Testing is required as in practice the unpredictable nature of the process of gene inheritance in these combinations may cause the actual % outcomes per generation to vary from the theoretical outcomes. Carrier and affected animals should be de-sexed if not to be used in a breeding program. 6.4 Heritable disease caused by simple recessive genes that are sex linked (or show weak penetrance or limited expression resulting in only a few affected individuals) See section 3.4. 6.5 Heritable disease caused by a simple recessive defective gene that is dependant on over-riding or modifying genetic effects for full expression of disease. This includes conditions where the vast majority of genetically affected individuals do not exhibit the full range of clinical signs of the disease unless modifying factors are present - factors that directly influence the degree to which the disease is ultimately expressed Collie Eye Anomaly
**Testing is required as in practice the unpredictable nature of the process of gene inheritance in these combinations may cause variation in the actual % outcomes per generation. With Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA) the approved breeding program must submit all litters before 8 weeks of age for certification by ophthalmologists appointed to the AVA-ANKC ACES Panel, to identify and remove any puppy that is adversely affected by the condition. Once affected percentages in the breed are <20-30%, more restrictive parameters could be applied.] 6.6 Polygenic based heritable diseases Generally, where these conditions affect large numbers of the breed, broad-based surveillance and assessment schemes have been developed. The worst affected individuals should be removed from the breeding population before they reach maturity. Development of reliable statistical results such as sire’s statistics can further help breeds lower the incidence and severity of the disease. These control schemes have been shown to work over the longer term, by raising the mean health standard. 6.7 Recognised Inherited Diseases that produce significant health risks in small numbers of affected individuals, where there is no advance warning mechanism offered through the early onset of signs or the availability of a reliable genetic test. Some of these diseases are recognised as ‘breed predilections’, ie. a higher than normal incidence may be observed within that breed. Many of these conditions appear unpredictably in the older animal, with no apparent inheritance pattern. It may be impossible to establish whether or not a debilitating condition that arises at mature age is controlled by inherited factors at all, and is therefore able to be predicted, selected against or detected in advance by an established genetic test. General awareness of a possible breed predilection is the best protection that can be issued against these conditions in the longer term. Purchasers of animals likely to develop the condition should consider this when making their selection of an animal to keep or breed. Dogs: Hereditary Cataract (where late onset is characteristic of the condition) 7 Approved breeding programs and approved organisations 8.1 Approved breeding programs must be reviewed annually and be consistent with the principles of this Code. 8.2 Approved Organisations.
"Clear" refers to the homozygous ----- Original Message ----- Hi all Can all please send letters and contact the Members of the Legislative Council. Please contact me via email and I will forward the addresses to you. We have only 5 days to go and I have not seen or heard anything from anybody but the usual, it is very, very disappointing. I have also been given a link to a video which needs to be sent also to all and sundry. It is attached. All Vic Members need to contact the VCA -CEO - Elizabeth White and President Doug Ford. Other states please feel free to contact also, as the more pressure they receive hopefully they will realise that they are threatening the existence of our breed, as well as others. I believe the VCA have refused assistance from the ANKC. Members we have been sold out We need to ask the questions, what is the status, what are their plans of attack, how are they supporting us??? The sub committee that was set up - can you please advice what the status is with your team? What are your plans etc etc. Don’t sit back waiting for others, if you have sent letters, and spoken to the pollies, then great but keep the pressure up There is one Member of the LC that went to Sunbury and did speak to a judge, re Dobermans, we need to send her very brief letters as to why we need to stop the clauses, she is prepared to listen, but wont read long letters. I will highlight the members name in the contact list. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnwXrJVGcws Kind Regards ![]()
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